Ixesha lokufunda eliqikelelweyo: 19 imizuzu

intshayelelo

Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kokutya kwe-ketogenic njengonyango lokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunokungasetyenziswa kakubi ngabantu kunye namaziko onyango. Ndicinga ukuba le yingxaki enokwenzeka. Ngaba kukho izinto ezinzulu zengqondo zentlalo eziqhuba ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi? Ngokuqinisekileyo. Ngaba ndicebisa ukuba unyango lwengqondo kunye nenkxaso yentlalo ayidingeki? Hayi. Ndicinga ukuba zinokuxabiseka. Kodwa izazi ngengqondo zeklinikhi kunye noogqirha bengqondo, kwaye ngokungafihlisiyo, bonke abanye abantu abaqhuba amaziko onyango lokubuyisela umlutha, kufuneka ngokwenene baqonde ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokuphucula njani amathuba okuba abantu baphinde baphile kwingxaki yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Kukho isayensi elungileyo ebonisa ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokunceda njani ekubuyiseleni umlutha. Ke, eli nqaku alibhalelwanga kuphela ingcali yezengqondo yeklinikhi, ingcali yeziyobisi, okanye enye ingcali yezempilo yengqondo ehambelanayo ejonge ukomeleza intsika yebhayoloji yemodeli yabo yokuziqhelanisa ne-biopsychosocial. Ayibhalwanga nje i-MD okanye enye i-prescriber yamayeza amaninzi esiwasebenzisayo ukunceda abantu ukunciphisa iminqweno okanye ukulawula iziphumo zokurhoxisa njengenxalenye yokubuyisela kwabo. Eli nqaku likwabhalelwe umntu onengxaki yokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nabantu ababathandayo.

Siza kufunda malunga notshintsho lwe-pathological kwingqondo esiyibona kukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokuba lunyango, kunye nezilingo zeklinikhi ezinomdla ezithi, ngexesha lokubhala, zifuna abathathi-nxaxheba. Ekugqibeleni, siya kwazisa neminye imiba enokuthi, ngelixa ingekho kwiincwadi ngeli xesha, kuya kufuneka ukuba ifundwe ngakumbi njengezidlo ze-ketogenic njengonyango lokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ziyaziwa kwaye zifikeleleke.

Ukubuyisela Amandla eNgqondo: Ukutya kwe-Ketogenic kunye nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi

Ukusela utywala ngokugqithisileyo kwaziwa ngokutshintsha indlela ingqondo esebenzisa ngayo amafutha. Kukho utshintsho kwi-glucose ukuya kwi-acetate, i-alcohol metabolite. Kulabo abane-Alcohol Use Disorder Disorder, olu tshintsho luqhubeka ngaphaya kwexesha lokuxilwa kwaye lube ngumthombo wamafutha owamkelweyo olindelekileyo engqondweni kwaye ulungelelaniswe. Kwi-Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), kukho imeko engapheliyo kunye neqhubekayo ye-glucose yengqondo ephantsi kunye ne-acetate metabolism ephezulu. Olu ayilolwazi olutsha. Siyazi ukuba i-glucose metabolism iphazamisekile kwingxaki yokusetyenziswa kotywala ukususela ngo-1966 xa uRoach kunye noogxa babo bapapasha isiphakamiso sabo sokuqala sokuba ukuphazamiseka kwemetabolism ye-glucose inokuba ngunobangela osisiseko wotywala.

Xa umntu ekhupha utywala kwaye eyeka ukusetyenziswa kotywala, ingqondo iyayeka ukufumana amafutha alindelekileyo kwaye ixhotyiswe ukuyiphatha.

Ke, siqikelela ukuba imeko yokunqongophala kwamandla ebuchotsheni ivela ngexesha lokukhutshwa kotywala xa amanqanaba e-acetate kwiplasma ehla kwaye oku kunegalelo kwiimpawu zokurhoxa kunye neurotoxicity kwizigulana ezine-AUD.

Wiers, CE, Vendruscolo, LF, Van der Veen, JW, Manza, P., Shokri-Kojori, E., Kroll, DS, ... & Volkow, ND (2021). Ukutya kwe-Ketogenic kunciphisa iimpawu zokurhoxiswa kotywala kubantu kunye nokusela utywala kwiigundane. Uphuhliso lwezesayensi, 7(15), eabf6780.

Kutheni ubuchopho obunxilisayo bungatshintsheli nje ngaphandle komthungo kwi-glucose metabolism? Abaphandi abathethi, kodwa ndingakrokrela ukuba oomatshini banokuthotywa okanye babonakaliswe ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo lwe-oxidative olwenzeka kwindawo yokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi.

Asikuboni nje oku kuphazamiseka kwi-glucose metabolism ekusebenziseni utywala. Ikwangumba ekusetyenzisweni kwe-opioid.

Unyango lwe-Morphine lunokunciphisa-ukulawula inqanaba lokubonakaliswa kwe-enzymes ethile ye-metabolic, kuquka i-PDH, i-LDH, kunye ne-NADH, kwaye ngaloo ndlela yonakalise imetabolism yamandla. 

Jiang, X., Li, J., & Ma, L. (2007). I-Metabolic enzymes idibanisa ukurhoxiswa kwe-morphine kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemetabolism. Uphando lweSeli, 17(9), 741-743. Jiang, X., Li, J. & Ma, L. I-enzymes ye-Metabolic idibanisa ukuhoxiswa kwe-morphine kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic disorder. IiRes zeSeli 17, 741-743 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2007.75

Unyango lwe-Morphine, umzekelo, lunokunciphisa-ukulawula inqanaba lokuvakalisa i-enzymes ethile ye-metabolic, kuquka i-PDH, i-LDH (i-lactate dehydrogenase), kunye ne-NADH. Lo mgaqo-phantsi unokuphazamisa amandla e-metabolism ye-glucose kwingqondo. I-PDH, ngokukodwa, ibalulekile ekuguquleni i-pyruvate ibe yi-acetyl-CoA, kwaye ukuphazamiseka kumsebenzi wayo kunokuchaphazela kakubi ukuveliswa kwamandla kwi-glucose.

Abasebenzisi be-Methamphetamine abaye bayeka ukunxulumana nabo babonisa iindawo zengqondo ye-hypometabolism.

Ukuqukumbela, sinikela ingxelo yokuba abasebenzisi be-MA abangasebenziyo baye banciphisa i-rCMRglc kumcimbi omhlophe ongaphambili kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi yangaphambili…

UKim, S., Lyoo, I., Hwang, J. okqhubekayo. I-Frontal Glucose Hypometabolism kubasebenzisi abangasebenziyo beMethamphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacol 30, 1383-1391 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300699

Imizimba yeKetone, kuquka i-beta-hydroxybutyrate kunye ne-acetoacetate, yahlukile kubuchule bayo bokuwela umqobo wegazi-ubuchopho kwaye isetyenziswe kwiiseli zengqondo. Banamandla okudlula oomatshini bokuthatha i-glucose eyaphukileyo. Xa sele ikwingqondo, ii-ketones ziguqulwa zibe yi-acetyl-CoA, ethi emva koko ingene kumjikelo we-citric acid ukuvelisa i-ATP, amandla anokuthi asetyenziswe ingqondo. Usenokuba uvile ukuba ingqondo ifuna amandla amaninzi, kwaye yinyani leyo. Ifuna izixa ezikhulu zamandla ukugcina nje ukusebenza kwengqondo. I-Ketones ngumthombo opheleleyo wokuhlangula wemimandla yobuchopho eye yaba yi-hypometabolic kukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwaye ayinakuphinda isebenzise i-glucose ngokufanelekileyo.

Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba iiketoni ngenene zezona ndawo zikhethwayo zamandla kwingqondo kuba zingena ebuchotsheni ngokulingana noxinzelelo lweplasma kungakhathaliseki ukubakho kweglucose; ukuba iimfuno zamandla zobuchopho zixhatshazwa ngokunyuka kwee-ketones, ukunyuswa kwe-glucose kunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo.

Cunnane, SC, Courchesne-Loyer, A., Vandenberghe, C., St-Pierre, V., Fortier, M., Hennebelle, M., ... & Castellano, CA (2016). Ngaba iiketoni zinokunceda ukuhlangula unikezelo lwamafutha engqondo kubomi bamva? Iimpembelelo kwimpilo yengqondo ngexesha lokuguga kunye nonyango lwe-Alzheimer's disease. Imida kwi-molecular neuroscience, 53. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2016.00053

Ukunikezelwa kwempumelelo yokutya kwe-ketogenic ekujonganeni ne-hypometabolism yobuchopho kwizifo ze-neurodeergenerative, kunengqiqo ukuqwalasela izibonelelo zabo ezinokuthi zisebenzise ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (SUDs). Iimpembelelo ze-neurological ze-SUDs zabelana ngokufana nezo zibonwa kwisifo sengqondo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-neurological disorders, (ekwaphendula kakuhle kwi-ketogenic diets) kwaye iphakamisa ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokubonelela ngendlela entsha yokuxhasa i-metabolism yamandla engqondo.

Ngokutshintsha umthombo wamandla oyintloko wengqondo ngale ndlela, izidlo ze-ketogenic zibonakala zinciphisa ukusilela kwamandla kwingqondo ephuma ngexesha lokukhutshwa kotywala. Kuthetha ukuthini oku kubantu abazama ukuchacha? Kwingxaki yokusetyenziswa kotywala, siyazi ukuba kuthetha ukuba kukho ukuncipha kweempawu zokurhoxa kunye neminqweno.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu kunyango.

Kwaye kunye nezinye ii-SUD ezibonisa iindawo ze-hypometabolism yobuchopho, ndiyabheja ikwenza uzibuze ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokubanceda njani, nabo.

I-Neuroinflammation ekuSetyenzisweni kweZinto: Indlela i-Ketogenic Diet inikeza ngayo ukuNceda

I-Neuroinflammation idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kunye nokuqhubela phambili kokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (SUDs) ezineempembelelo ezinzulu ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kunye nokuqhuba utshintsho lwe-pathogenic kwizakhiwo zengqondo. Kubantu abanengxaki yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, iindawo ezithile zokhuselo lomzimba zinokusebenza kakhulu kwaye zibangele ukudumba kwengqondo. Oku kuvutha kunokunyusa amanqanaba eempawu ezithile emzimbeni ofaka isandla ekudumbeni, njenge-TNF-α, IL-1, kunye ne-IL-6.

Oku kubalulekile kunyango kuba ukudumba kwengqondo kunokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwindlela ingqondo esebenza ngayo, kwaye oku kunokuchaphazela iingcinga, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha komntu. Kubantu abanengxaki yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, oku kudumba kunokuba negalelo kwiminqweno kwaye kwenze kube nzima ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izinto. Kwakhona kunokuchaphazela inkumbulo, ukwenza izigqibo, kunye nokulawulwa kweemvakalelo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukujamelana noxinzelelo kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukuba ubuyele kwakhona. Ukudumba kwengqondo kunokwenza uhambo lokuchacha lube nzima ngakumbi ngokuchaphazela amandla omntu okucinga ngokucacileyo, ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo, nokulawula iminqweno kunye neemvakalelo.

Ngamanye amazwi, oku kuphazamiseka kwemiqondiso evela ekudumbeni kwengqondo okungajongwanga kuchaphazela indlela ubuchopho obusebenza ngayo kwaye negalelo kwiimpawu kunye nokuqhubekeka kokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. I-cytokines evuthayo yohlobo esilubonayo kolu kuphazamiseka lunokubangela utshintsho oluqhubekayo kwi-basal ganglia kunye ne-dopamine (DA) umsebenzi, obonakaliswa kukungabikho kolonwabo, ukudinwa, kunye nokucotha kwengqondo. Inokuba luncedo ekukhokeleni ekunciphiseni iimpendulo ze-neural kwimivuzo ye-hedonic, ukunciphisa i-metabolites ye-DA, ukuphinda kuthathwe kwakhona, kunye nokuncipha kwengeniso ye-presynaptic DA. Ezi mpendulo zokudumba zinokuba negalelo kwimbuyekezo eyenziwe ngamachiza kunye nokubuyela kwakhona kweziyobisi.

I-basal ganglia kunye ne-dopamine (DA) ngamalungu abalulekileyo enkqubo yomvuzo wengqondo, enoxanduva lokuziva uyolo kunye nenkuthazo.

Xa ezi ndawo zichaphazeleka kukuvuvukala, kunokuphazamisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo yomvuzo. Bakhokelela ekunqongophelweni kolonwabo kwimisebenzi eyayikhe yonwaba (i-anhedonia), kwaye ukudinwa okufunyenweyo kunciphisa ngakumbi inkuthazo yomntu yokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eyonwabisayo. Sonke sizibonile okanye abanye abane-SUD bebandezeleka ngale ndlela xa bezama ukuyeka ukusebenzisa.

Andifuni ukuba ucinge ukuba ukubandezeleka okuqhubekayo nokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi konke malunga ne-dopamine. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba i-basal ganglia nayo ibandakanyeka kwi-cognition kunye neemvakalelo. Ukudumba kunokuchaphazela ezi nkqubo, kube negalelo kwintsilelo yokuqonda kunye nokuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo esikubonayo kwabo babandezelekileyo kwezi ngxaki.

Andifuni ukukushiya noluvo lokuba i-Alcohol Use Disorder kuphela kweSifo sokuSebenzisa iSifo esinegalelo kwi-neuroinflammation engapheliyo. Iingqondo ezinokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (SUDs) ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kotywala (AUD) nazo zinokubonisa iimpawu zokudumba. Izinto ezininzi zokuxhatshazwa, njenge-opioids, i-cocaine, kunye ne-methamphetamine, ziboniswa kuncwadi lophando ukwandisa i-neuroinflammation.

Ngethamsanqa, ukutya kwe-ketogenic (KD) kuboniswe ukuba kudlale indima ye-neuroprotective kwi-SUDs ngokunciphisa i-neuroinflammation.

Uyilungisa njani i-neuroinflammation kwaye uphilise ukudakumba kwakho-Ukutya

Abantu abane-AUD ababambelela kwi-ketogenic diet (KD) - ukutya okunamafutha amaninzi kunye ne-carbohydrates ephantsi - babonise amanqanaba aphantsi ala makishi avuthayo xa kuthelekiswa nalabo balandela ukutya okuqhelekileyo kwaseMelika (SA). Oku kubonisa ukuba i-KD inokusebenza ekudambiseni ukudumba kwengqondo.

Ngaphandle kokuba yi-substrates yamandla, ii-KBs zikwasebenza njengabalamli be-intracellular signaling, abathatha inxaxheba kwi-intracellular signaling cascades kunye nokulawula i-neuroinflammation ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, ngakumbi i-βHB.

Jiang, Z., Yin, X., Wang, M., Chen, T., Wang, Y., Gao, Z., & Wang, Z. (2022). Iziphumo zokutya kwe-ketogenic kwi-neuroinflammation kwizifo ze-neurodeergenerative. Ukuguga kunye nesifo, 13(4), 1146. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.1217

I-Metabolism yinkqubo engcolileyo. Ngokukodwa ukuba uthembele kumafutha afana ne-glucose. Izidlo ze-Ketogenic zitshintsha imetabolism ekuxhomekeke kwi-glucose ekusebenziseni i-ketones njengomthombo wamandla oyintloko, oku kuthetha ukunciphisa ukuveliswa kwabalamli abaxhatshazwayo kunye nokwanda okufunekayo kwimveliso yabalamli abachasayo. I-Ketone metabolism "icocekile," yenza ubuncinci be-ROS mess, kwaye idala umonakalo omncinci kwingqondo enzima ukujongana nayo.

Izidlo ze-Ketogenic nazo zineempembelelo ezichasayo ezichasayo ezinamandla ngokwenene. Bakwenza oku ngokumodareyitha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonisa ukudumba. Omnye umzekelo wokukwazi ukutya ukuvimbela indlela ye-NF-κB kunye nokunciphisa ukuveliswa kwe-cytokines e-pro-inflammatory efana ne-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) kunye ne-interleukin-6 (IL-6), ebandakanyekayo impendulo yokuvuvukala.

I-βHB inokubophelela kwi-HCA2 ukuqhubela phambili ukuvimbela ukuveliswa kwe-cytokines e-pro-inflammatory kunye ne-enzymes ngendlela ye-NF-κB kwi-activated primary microglia pretreated nge-βHB kwaye ivuselelwe nge-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Jiang, Z., Yin, X., Wang, M., Chen, T., Wang, Y., Gao, Z., & Wang, Z. (2022). Iziphumo zokutya kwe-ketogenic kwi-neuroinflammation kwizifo ze-neurodeergenerative. Ukuguga kunye nesifo, 13(4), 1146. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.1217

I-gut microbiome ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukudumba. Iibhaktheriya ezithile ze-gut zinokuvelisa i-metabolites ezineempembelelo ezichasayo, ngelixa ezinye zinokuvelisa i-metabolites eneziphumo eziphazamisayo. Ukutya kwe-ketogenic kudume ngokungafihlisiyo ngokukwazi ukuguqula ukubunjwa kwe-gut microbiome, kuphembelela ukuveliswa kwezi metabolites kwaye emva koko kuhlengahlengiswe ukudumba. Ukutya kuye kwaboniswa ukwandisa ubuninzi beebhaktheriya ezincedo ezivelisa i-short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) ukunceda ukuvelisa iziphumo ezichasayo.

Ukutya kwe-Ketogenic kunye ne-Gut Microbiome

Ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala kunempembelelo ngokuthe ngqo kwinqanaba loxinzelelo lwe-oxidative ubuchopho kufuneka bunyamezele, okusizisa kwicandelo elilandelayo leli nqaku. Ukuba ubhidekile kancinci malunga nomahluko phakathi kokudumba kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye nendlela ezinxibelelana ngayo, ndincoma kakhulu eli nqaku ukukunceda ukulicacisa ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nokufunda kwakho isithuba sakhe.

Ukuba ubuchopho bakho besisiXeko: Ukuqonda uxinzelelo lwe-Oxidative kunye ne-Neuroinflammation

Ukulwa noxinzelelo lwe-Oxidative kunye ne-Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Indima ekhuselayo ye-Ketogenic Diet kwi-Disorders Use Disorders

Uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative lwenzeka xa kukho ukungalingani phakathi kokuveliswa kwe-ROS kunye nokukwazi komzimba ukukhupha ezi molekyuli eziyingozi. Ibhalansi phakathi kokuveliswa kweentlobo zeoksijini esebenzayo (ROS) kunye nokukwazi komzimba ukuphatha umonakalo obangelwayo kubizwa ngokuba yi-oxidative stress.

Ngaba sibona uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi? Ubheja ukuba senza!

Uhlalutyo lwethu lubonise ukuba abantu abane-SUD babonisa iimpawu eziphezulu ze-oxidant kunye neempawu ezisezantsi ze-antioxidant kunolawulo olusempilweni.

Viola, TW, Orso, R., Florian, LF, Garcia, MG, Gomes, MGS, Mardini, EM, ... & Grassi‐Oliveira, R. (2023). Iziphumo zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwiziphawuli zoxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye ne-antioxidative: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nohlalutyo lwemeta. Ubunzima beBilo, 28(1), e13254. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13254

Ke, kuyakhuthaza ukwazi ukuba ukutya okune-ketogenic kunefuthe elihle kwinkqubo yokukhusela i-antioxidant yomzimba, kubandakanya ukunyuswa kwe-superoxide dismutase (SOD2). I-Superoxide dismutase (i-SOD) yintsapho yee-enzymes eyenza ukuchithwa kwe-superoxide kwi-oksijini kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide. Akumangalisi ukuba, i-SOD2 (aka MnSOD) luhlobo lwe-SOD ehlala kwi-mitochondria, kwaye umsebenzi wayo wonke kukukhusela i-mitochondria kuxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Ngoko, ngokunyusa i-SOD2, ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunceda ukukhupha i-superoxide radicals, eyona nto iphambili yoxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, kunye nokukhusela umsebenzi we-mitochondrial.

Ngokungathi oko kwakungabonakali ngokwaneleyo, ukutya kwe-ketogenic kuboniswe ukwandisa ukuveliswa kwe-glutathione. I-Glutathione sisisithintelo esinamandla kakhulu se-antioxidant esenziwe ngumzimba wakho esiqinisekisa ukuba unokhuselo lweselula kuxinzelelo lwe-oxidative.

I-Glutathione kunye nokutya kwe-ketogenic

I-Glutathione inee-amino acid ezintathu: i-cysteine, i-glycine, kunye ne-glutamate. Inemisebenzi emininzi! Inceda ukuqhuba i-detoxification yezinto ezinobungozi, ukugcinwa kwebhalansi ye-redox yeselula, kunye nokukhuselwa kweeseli kumonakalo obangelwa yi-radicals yamahhala kunye neeperoxides.

Kwelinye icala, iNADPH yicoenzyme edlala indima ebalulekileyo kumetabolism womzimba. Ibandakanyeka kwi-biosynthesis ye-fatty acids kunye ne-steroids, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwe-glutathione. Ukonyuka kwe-NADPH kuqinisekisa ukubonelelwa okwaneleyo kwale coenzyme ukuxhasa iindlela zokuzikhusela ze-antioxidant zomzimba. Kwaye kwenzeka nje ukuba uphando lufumene ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kulawula ukwanda kwe-NADPH.

Ngokudibeneyo, la macandelo asebenza ngokubambisana ukwenza inkqubo yokukhusela enamandla enceda ukugcina ingqibelelo yeselula kunye nokukhusela umonakalo ovela kuxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, ngakumbi ukukhanyisa iindlela ezisisiseko apho ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunceda abantu abane-SUDs. Ngokunyusa amandla abo e-antioxidant kunye nokukhusela umonakalo we-oxidative, ukutya kwe-ketogenic kuluncedo ekuboneleleni izinga lokukhusela i-pharmacology yangoku ayikwazi.

Ukongeza kwezi ziphumo zinomtsalane ngokwenene kwi-antioxidants, ukutya kwe-ketogenic kukwaphucula umsebenzi we-mitochondrial kwaye kunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Ukutya kuvuselela iindlela ezininzi, ukunyusa iiprotheni eziphambili ezibandakanyeka kwinkqubo ye-phosphorylation ye-oxidative, umjikelo we-Krebs, kunye ne-fatty acid oxidation. Oku kukhokelela ekwandeni komsebenzi we-mitochondrial ngokubanzi kwaye, ngokukodwa, ukwanda kwe-mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs), ekhusela i-mitochondria kwingozi ye-oxidative kunye nokungasebenzi.

Yintoni eyenziwa yi-mitochondria?

Oku kwanda kwe-UCPs, kunye nokuphuculwa kwe-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), isekela impilo ye-mitochondrial kunye nomsebenzi. Ukuba awuyazi ukuba ithetha ukuthini isuphu yealfabhethi, ungakhathazeki. Undoqo wayo yi-PPARγ kunye ne-PGC-1α zombini iindidi zezinto ezikhutshelweyo, oku kuthetha ukuba ziiprotheni ezinceda ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo okanye ukucima ngokuzibophelela kwi-DNA ekufutshane. Into epholileyo kukuba zimodyuli ezinamandla zoxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Xa ivuliwe, i-PPARγ inokunyusa ukubonakaliswa kwe-antioxidant enzymes kunye nokunciphisa imveliso ye-cytokines e-pro-inflammatory, ngaloo ndlela igalelo ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye nokuvuvukala emzimbeni. I-PGC-1α isebenza njengomlawuli weenkqubo zokulwa ne-antioxidant ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-antioxidant yokukhusela ilungele ukujongana naluphi na uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative olunokuthi luvele.

Kodwa mhlawumbi awuzukundikholelwa xa ndikuxelela ukuba kusekho enye indlela esetyenziswa ngayo ukutya kwe-Ketogenic (KD) ekugcineni uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Ziye zaboniswa ngakumbi ukuba zimodareyitha amanqanaba e-adenosine kwingqondo, enikezela ngemiphumo ye-neuroprotective kunye ne-antiepileptogenic. I-Adenosine yi-neurotransmitter ebalulekileyo enceda ukuthintela ukuxhuzula kunye nokukhusela ubuchopho emonakalweni. Ngokwandisa amanqanaba e-adenosine, i-KD iphucula iindlela zokuzikhusela zendalo zengqondo kwaye ikhusela kuxinzelelo lwe-neurological, yongeza omnye umaleko kwiinzuzo ezininzi ze-KD ekulweni uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye nokuxhasa ingqondo ezama ukubuyela kwi-SUD.

I-Neurotransmitters kunye neeNkqubo zoMvuzo kwii-SUDs: Umthetho wokulinganisa we-Ketogenic Diet

Iziphazamiso zokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (SUDs) ziimeko ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya ukusebenzisana kofuzo, okusingqongileyo, kunye nemiba ye-neurobiological. Siyazi ukuba inkqubo yomvuzo wengqondo idlala indima ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwee-SUDs. I-Neurotransmitters (NTs) zizithunywa zeekhemikhali ezihambisa izibonakaliso eziqhuba inkqubo yomvuzo kwingqondo, kwaye ukuguqulwa kwezo nkqubo kunokufaka isandla ekuphuhliseni ii-SUD.

Umlutha yinkqubo ephambili esisiseko sokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, kwaye uphando olusebenzisa imodeli yezilwanyana kunye nabantu lutyhile ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwiisekethe ze-neural kunye neemolekyuli ezilamla umlutha.

Kalin, NH (2020). Ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokulutha: iindlela, iindlela, kunye neziphumo zonyango. I-American Journal ye-Psychiatry, 177(11), 1015-1018. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20091382

Sele sixoxile ngeDopamine (DA) kwezinye iindawo zeli nqaku, kodwa ndiyizisa kwakhona kwingxoxo yendima yayo kumanqanaba okuqala okulutha kuba ibaluleke kakhulu kwiziphumo ezivuzayo zezinto. Njengoko usetyenziso lweziyobisi luqhubela phambili, uqikelelo lwe-glutamatergic luba lukhulu ngakumbi. I-Glutamate, eyona nto iphambili ebangela imincili ye-NT ebuchotsheni, ibandakanyeka kutshintsho lwe-neuroplasticity olunciphisa ixabiso lembuyekezo yendalo, ukunciphisa ulawulo lwengqondo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha okunyanzelekileyo kokufuna iziyobisi. I-Dysregulation ye-glutamate homeostasis yinto ephambili ye-neurometabolic ye-SUDs.

Isixa esithile se-glutamate kufanele ukuba siqhutywe kwi-inhibitory transmitter ye-GABA, kodwa utshintsho kwiinkqubo ze-GABAergic zihlala zibonwa kwi-SUD zingakhokelela ekwandeni koxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo, okwenza ingxaki ibe nzima. Oku kuphazamiseka kwenqanaba elipheleleyo lomsebenzi wokuthintela kwingqondo, kubalulekile ukugcina ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokuvuselela kunye nokuthintela, kunegalelo ekusetyenzisweni kweziyobisi eziphazamisekileyo. Iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo ze-NT, ezifana ne-serotonin, i-epinephrine, kunye ne-norepinephrine, nazo ziphazamiseka kwii-SUD, ezikhokelela ekunyuseni uxinzelelo kunye nokuxhalaba kunye negalelo kumjikelezo wokulutha.

Kwakhona, iziphumo ezininzi zokutya kwe-ketogenic zinokunika ithemba. Ngokumodareyitha amanqanaba ezi NTs kunye nokuzinzisa i-metabolism yamandla engqondo, ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokunceda ukubuyisela ibhalansi kumjikelezo womvuzo wengqondo kunye nokunciphisa iminqweno yezinto ezisetyenziswa kakubi. Ngokomzekelo, ukutya kuye kwaboniswa ukwandisa umsebenzi we-GABA, onokunceda ukunciphisa uxhalaba kunye noxinzelelo kunye nokuphucula isimo sengqondo. Ikwabonisiwe ukuba imodareyitha i-glutamate, i-serotonin, kunye namanqanaba e-dopamine, anokuthi azinzise imo kunye nokunciphisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle ngokweemvakalelo okuhlala kubonwa kwii-SUD.

Ikwenza njani oku? Asazi ngokupheleleyo, kodwa siyazi ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunempembelelo kulawulo lombane lobuchopho kwi-neurons, ehambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokusebenza kweenkqubo ze-neurotransmitter. Ukulawulwa kombane kwii-neurons kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwengqondo eqhelekileyo kwaye kuveliswa ngamajelo e-ion kunye ne-synaptic receptors. Le misebenzi yombane ziinkqubo ezisisiseko ezenza ukuba kukhululwe kunye nokwamkelwa kwee-neurotransmitters kwi-synapses.

Ngokomzekelo, xa isenzo esinamandla sifikelela kwi-synapse, sibangela ukukhululwa kwee-neurotransmitters, ezithi ke zibophe kwi-synaptic receptors kwi-postsynaptic neuron. Oku kubophezela kukhokelela kutshintsho kwi-membrane enokwenzeka kunye nomqondiso oqhubekayo wombane. Ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwale nkqubo kubalulekile kumvuzo wokujikeleza kwengqondo, osoloko udityaniswa kwii-SUDs.

Ukutya kuchaphazela abalawuli bombane kwingqondo, kubandakanywa iziteshi ze-ATP-sensitive K +, iziteshi zeCa2 + ezixhomekeke kumbane, i-AMPA-type glutamate receptors, kunye ne-adenosine A1 receptors, phakathi kwabanye. Ungavumeli onke la magama amnandi onokuthi uwazi okanye awazi ukuba akuphazamise. Ezi zilawuli ezinamandla ezisebenza kunye ukuze zenze i-neuronal inhibition kunye nokuphucula umbane weembrane zeseli, ezikhokelela ekubonakalisweni kwe-neurotransmitter esebenzayo ngakumbi. Le ngenye yeendlela imiphumo yokutya kwe-ketogenic ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokusebenza kweenkqubo ze-neurotransmitter, ezinceda ukuqinisekisa ukukhululwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokwamkelwa kwee-neurotransmitters kwi-synapses.

Ke, xa ndikuxelela ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kubonelela ngeendlela ezininzi zokujongana nokungalingani kwe-NT kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle okubonwa kwii-SUDs, awuyi kumangaliswa okwangoku. Ubungqina obukhulayo bobungqina obuxhasa izibonelelo zokutya kwe-ketogenic ekuphatheni ezinye iimeko ze-neurological and psychiatric igxininisa ngakumbi amandla ayo ekujonganeni nokudibanisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-NT dysfunctions kwi-SUDs.

isiphelo

Ukuba wena okanye umntu omthandayo ukhathazwa zii-SUDs, uyawazi umthwalo owubeka ebantwini, kwiintsapho nakuluntu luphela. Kuyafuneka ukuba siphonononge kwaye siphumeze ungenelelo olusebenzayo olunokwenza umahluko ngokwenene kubomi babo bachaphazelekayo. Ukutya kwe-ketogenic, kunye neempembelelo zayo ezininzi kwingqondo, kunika ithemba. Ayilotshintsho lokutya nje kuphela, kodwa sisixhobo esinamandla sonyango esinokujongana neengcambu ezibangela ii-SUDs kunye nokwenza lula ukuchacha okungapheliyo.

Ke ngoko, yingxoxo yam yokuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kufuneka kunikezelwe njengecandelo eliqhelekileyo lonyango kuzo zonke iziko lonyango lokulutha. Ngapha koko, kubalulekile ukuba ababhali kunye nabacebisi bomlutha bafumane imfundo eqhubekayo malunga neenzuzo kunye nokuphunyezwa kokutya kwe-ketogenic kunyango lwee-SUD. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba baxhotyiswe kakuhle ukuba banikele ngolu ngenelelo oluxabisekileyo kwizigulane zabo, ekugqibeleni babe negalelo kwiziphumo eziyimpumelelo kunyango lwee-SUD.

Ukutya kwe-ketogenic kubonisa utshintsho lweparadigm kwindlela yethu yokunyanga ii-SUD. Ngokujongana nokungalingani kwe-metabolic kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle okufaka isandla ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwee-SUDs, ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunika ukungenelela okupheleleyo kunye nokusebenzayo okunokwenza ngokwenene umahluko kubomi babo bachaphazelekayo. Ndiyathemba ukuba eli nqaku lichaza le ndlela isekwe kubungqina liya kuba luncedo ekuziqhelaniseni ngokubanzi kunye nokudibanisa kumgangatho wokhathalelo lwee-SUDs, ekugqibeleni libe negalelo kwikamva eliqaqambileyo kwabo banengxaki yokulutha.

Ukuba wena, okanye umntu omthandayo, angathanda ukuthatha inxaxheba kulingo lwezonyango oluqesha aba balapha:

https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=Substance%20Use%20Disorder&intr=Ketogenic%20Diet

Kodwa ungaziva ngathi kufuneka ulinde ulingo lwezonyango ukuze uxhamle. Ngethemba ungafumana iziko lonyango elikufutshane nawe (okanye elingekho kufutshane nawe) usebenzisa ukutya okune-ketogenic kwi-Disorder Use Disorder (SUD), okanye ungatsala iqela lakho lonyango ukusuka kwiingcali ezikhoyo ze-ketogenic metabolic therapy, iingcali zempilo yengqondo, kunye nonyango. ubuchwephesha obunokunceda ngemigqaliselo.

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