Indlela i-Biogenesis, iDynamics, kunye ne-Mitophagy yokulungisa ubuchopho bakho
Ixesha lokufunda eliqikelelweyo: 8 imizuzu
Abanye benu baqala ukuqonda ukuba kufuneka ugxininise kumsebenzi we-mitochondrial ukuze ube nengqondo ephilileyo evumela isimo sengqondo esilungileyo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo ye-rockin. Abanye benu balungile ngokwazi i-mitochondria zingundoqo. Kwaye unokuyonwabela le post ilula blog malunga ezi organelles emangalisayo!
Kodwa abanye benu bafuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nemitochondria, kwaye ukufunda ngayo kubalulekile kuwe. Unokuba njengam, ngubani ofuna ukuqonda ngokwenene isayensi yam "kutheni" into enokuthi ingene kuyo yonke into kwaye ukuziphatha kwam okutsha kube nenjongo. Ke ukuba unjalo, le post blog yeyakho!
Makhe sixoxe ngeendlela ezigcina impilo ye-mitochondrial kwaye sijonge ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokuchaphazela njani ezo ndlela zokukunceda uzive ungcono. Ngaba siqale?
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
I-Mitochondrial biogenesis yinkqubo eyenziwa ngayo i-mitochondria entsha ngaphakathi kweseli, kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni i-metabolism yeselula, ukugcina amandla e-homeostasis, kunye nokunciphisa imiphumo yoxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Le nkqubo ilawulwa kakhulu kwaye ibandakanya ulungelelwaniso oluntsonkothileyo lwe-gene expression, iprotein translation, kunye ne-organelle assembly.
Umqhubi oyintloko we-mitochondrial biogenesis yi-transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α. Musa ukoyikiswa yisuphu encinci yealfabhethi. Oku kulula ukuyiqonda! Ndiyathembisa.
I-PGC-1α iikhowudi zofuzo zeprotheni ebizwa ngokuba yi-PGC-1α. Akumangalisi, njengoko uninzi lwemfuza lunikela imiyalelo yokwenza iiproteni.
I-PGC-1α yiprotheni enceda ukudala nokugcina i-mitochondria enempilo kwi-neurons ngokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwe-mitochondria entsha. Ivuselela ukubonakaliswa kofuzo olubandakanyekayo kwi-biogenesis ye-mitochondrial (indalo!) kunye nomsebenzi, ekugqibeleni uvelisa i-mitochondria entsha kunye nokuphucula amandla e-mitochondria ekhoyo ukuvelisa amandla!
Ngokubanzi, inkqubo ye-biogenesis ye-mitochondrial ibandakanya ukubonakaliswa kokulungelelaniswa kweejeni ezininzi kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwenani elikhulu leeprotheni kunye nezinye iiamolekyu, eziphelela ekubunjweni kwe-mitochondria entsha ngaphakathi kweseli. Kwaye ukuba awunayo le nxalenye yomsebenzi we-mitochondrial oqhubeka ngendlela enempilo, ingqondo yakho izakulamba ngenxa yamandla efunekayo ukuze isebenze kwaye izigcine. Ibangela yonke i-cascade yeziphumo ezibi ezibangela iingxaki ngezi ndlela ze-mitochondrial.
Ngoko masifunde ngakumbi.
IMitochondrial Dynamics
I-Mitochondrial dynamics ibhekisa kwindlela i-mitochondria etshintsha ngayo imilo kunye nobukhulu bayo ekuphenduleni imiqondiso eyahlukeneyo emizimbeni yethu. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ziinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili: i-fusion kunye ne-fission. Musani ukoyikiswa ngala magama mabini (njengoko bendinjalo), kuba ndiza kuwachaza ngokulula apha.
I-Fusion kuxa i-mitochondria ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zidibana ukuze zenze uthungelwano olukhulu, olunxibelelene ngakumbi, ngelixa i-fission kuxa i-mitochondrion ihlukana ibe yiyunithi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezincinci. Ukudibanisa kwe-mitochondria kunokunyusa umthamo wamandla avelisiweyo, ngelixa i-fission inokunciphisa. Oku kuvumela i-mitochondria ukuba iqhelane neemfuno zamandla ezahlukeneyo kwiseli.
Ngokufumana i-fusion kunye ne-fission, i-mitochondria inokuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha iimfuno zamandla kwaye iphendule kwiingcinezelo zeselula. Oku kungenxa yokuba xa i-mitochondria idibanisa kunye, yabelana ngezibonelelo kwaye inokuvelisa amandla amaninzi kunokuba ihluke. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa i-mitochondria ingena kwi-fission, iba yincinci kwaye ibe yodwa, enokunciphisa ukuveliswa kwamandla.
Utshintsho kubume be-mitochondrial lubalulekile kwaye lunokubanceda ukuba baphendule kwiingcinezelo zeselula. Ngokomzekelo, xa iiseli zibonakaliswe kumanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo lwe-oxidative (enokuthi yonakalise iiseli kunye ne-DNA), i-mitochondria inokungena kwi-fission ukuvelisa i-mitochondria entsha, enempilo enokumelana ngcono noxinzelelo. Olu tshintsho kwimilo (i-morphology) lunokunceda ukuququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-mitochondria kunye nezinye iindawo zeseli. Ngokomzekelo, ukudibanisa kwe-mitochondria kunokuvumela ukutshintshiselwa kweeprotheni kunye nezinye iimolekyuli phakathi kwe-mitochondria, enokubaluleka ekulawuleni i-metabolism yeselula kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla.
Mitochondrial Mitophagy
I-Mitochondrial mitophagy yinkqubo apho iiseli zikhetha ukususa i-mitochondria eyonakalisiweyo okanye engasebenziyo, inceda ukugcina inethiwekhi ye-mitochondrial enempilo kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Kwaye nonke niyazi ngoku ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukusebenza kwengqondo!
Inkqubo ye-mitochondrial mitophagy ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi. Okokuqala, i-mitochondria eyonakalisiweyo okanye engasebenziyo ichongiwe kwaye imakiselwe ukutshatyalaliswa yinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-ubiquitination. Eli gama elimnandi lichaza inkqubo apho iprotheni ebizwa ngokuba yi-ubiquitin yongezwa kwi-mitochondria eyonakalisiweyo, iphawula ukuba isuswe.
Emva koko, i-mitochondria ephawulweyo ijikelezwe yinwebu yenwebu ebizwa ngokuba yi-autophagosome, eyenza i-vesicle egubungela i-mitochondria eyonakele. I-autophagosome ke idibanisa kunye ne-lysosome, i-organelle ekhethekileyo equlethe i-enzymes ezinokudiliza kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma yeselula.
Nje ukuba i-mitochondria eyonakeleyo ingaphakathi kwi-lysosome, ii-enzymes ziyawahlula zibe ngamacandelo azo, anokuthi ahlaziywe yiseli. Yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya amanyathelo aliqela kunye nokulungelelanisa iinxalenye ezahlukeneyo zeselula. Ngethamsanqa, awudingi ukuqonda onke amanyathelo ukuze wazi ukuba le nkqubo ye-mitochondrial ibalulekile kwiinjongo zakho zempilo yengqondo.
Ngexesha lokungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-mitochondrial kunye nokungaphumeleli kweendlela zokulawula umgangatho we-mitochondrial (ezifana ne-mitophagy) i-ROS / i-RNS inokubangela umonakalo kwi-macromolecules yeselula kunye nokufa kweeseli ze-necrotic. Ulawulo olululo kunye nolungelelwaniso lweendlela zemitophagy zibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukufa kweeseli kunye nokudumba.
Swerdlow, NS, & Wilkins, HM (2020). I-Mitophagy kunye nengqondo. Iphephabhuku lamazwe ngamazwe ngee-molecular science, 21(24), 9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249661
Le nkqubo yokususwa okukhethiweyo kwe-mitochondria eyonakalisiweyo inceda ukugcina inethiwekhi ye-mitochondrial enempilo kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kwaye ngokusisiseko yinxalenye enkulu yokukwazi kwakho ukubuyisela isimo sakho sengqondo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo!
#MitochondriaMatter
Engqondweni, i-mitophagy ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yeemfuno zamandla eziphezulu zeeseli zengqondo kunye nokuba sengozini kwabo kuxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Umsebenzi we-mitochondrial ophazamisekileyo kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative luye lwabandakanyeka ekuphuhliseni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-neurodeergenerative disorders kunye nesifo sengqondo.
Izidlo zeKetogenic kunye neMitochondria
Ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunemiphumo emihle kakhulu kule mitochondrial pathways.
Kukho ubungqina bokuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokuchaphazela i-mitochondrial dynamics, kubandakanywa neenkqubo zokudibanisa kunye ne-fission eyenza i-mitochondrial morphology. Izifundo kuzo zombini izilwanyana kunye nabantu zibonise ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokunyusa ukubonakaliswa kweejene ezibandakanyekayo kwi-mitochondrial fusion, ukwandisa ubukhulu be-mitochondrial kunye nobunzima benethiwekhi.
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kofuzo olubandakanyekayo kwi-mitochondrial fission, enokukhuthaza ukuqhekeka kwe-mitochondrial kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle. Ngokukodwa, ukutya kwe-ketogenic kufunyenwe ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kweprotheni Drp1, ebandakanyeka kwinkqubo ye-mitochondrial fission.
I-KD inokucinezela i-ER [endoplasmic reticulum] uxinzelelo kwaye ikhusele ingqibelelo ye-mitochondrial ngokucinezela ukuhanjiswa kwe-mitochondrial ye-Drp1 ukuze inqanda i-NLRP3 i-inflammasome activation, ngaloo ndlela isebenzise iziphumo ze-neuroprotective.
Kutheni sifuna ukunciphisa i-mitochondrial fission? Ngenxa yokuba i-mitochondrial fission ngokugqithiseleyo inokukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-mitochondrial kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle, okuye kwadibaniswa nezifo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuphazamiseka kwe-neurodeergenerative.
Olu tshintsho kwi-mitochondrial dynamics lunokuba negalelo ekuphuculeni ngokubanzi umsebenzi we-mitochondrial obonwa ngokutya kwe-ketogenic.
Nangona iindlela apho ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokuphucula ezi meko zanda ngaphaya komsebenzi we-mitochondrial, ubungakanani obukhulu apho i-ketosis yesondlo inyusa ukuthembela kwi-metabolism ye-mitochondrial iphakamisa ngamandla ukuba ukulungiswa kwe-mitochondrial yinto ephambili.
Miller, VJ, Villamena, FA, & Volek, JS (2018). I-ketosis yesondlo kunye ne-mitohormesis: iimpembelelo ezinokuthi zibekho kumsebenzi we-mitochondrial kunye nempilo yabantu. Ijenali yesondlo kunye nemetabolism, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5157645
isiphelo
Ke ewe, i-mitochondria ziindawo zamandla kwiiseli zethu, ezinoxanduva lokuvelisa amandla afunekayo iiseli zethu ukuze zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Kodwa iinkqubo zemitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial mitophagy, kunye ne-mitochondrial biogenesis nazo zibalulekile ekugcineni impilo ye-organelles ibalulekileyo kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngezi nkqubo, iiseli zinokulawula ukuveliswa kwamandla kunye nemetabolism kwingqondo. Sidinga ezi ndlela zisebenza kakuhle ukulungelelanisa ukutshintshwa kweemfuno zamandla, ukuphendula kwiingcinezelo zeselula, kunye nokuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwe-mitochondria eyonakeleyo okanye engasebenziyo. Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa ezi ndlela zingasebenzi kakuhle engqondweni? Sibona ukukhula kwezifo zengqondo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-neurodeergenerative.
Ukuba loo ngxelo yokugqibela ivakala ihlazisa kwaye ingekho ngokwesayensi, kuya kufuneka ubambe imimandla yengqondo ye-metabolic kunye ne-neurology. Ndingacebisa ukuba ujonge Incwadi kaChris Palmer yeBrain Energy (jonga iimbekiselo).
Kule post blog, uye wafunda ukuba uphando lwakutsha nje luxhasa uluvo lokuba ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwi-mitochondrial dynamics kunye nomsebenzi. Kwaye asithethi malunga nokutya kwe-ketogenic okusebenzisa iziphumo ze-wimpy. Ukutya okune-ketogenic ngokoqobo kuguqula ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezibandakanyekayo kwi-mitochondrial fission kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokusebenzisa iziphumo ze-neuroprotective.
Ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisana nam ukwenza imisebenzi ye-mitochondrial efana nale, wamkelekile ukuba ubuze malunga nenkqubo yam ye-intanethi ngezantsi:
Ithemba lam kukuba le post blog ibe negalelo ekuqondeni kwakho iinkqubo ezilawula umsebenzi we-mitochondrial kunye ne-dynamics kunye nendlela ukutya kwe-ketogenic kunokuba lungenelelo olunamandla lokunyanga ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic kwingqondo ebonakalisa ukugula kwengqondo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-neurological.
Kuba unelungelo lokwazi zonke iindlela onokuziva ungcono ngazo.
Ucaphulo
Guo, M., Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Yang, Q., Ding, H., Dong, Q., ... & Cui, M. (2018). Ukutya kwe-Ketogenic kuphucula ukunyamezela kwengqondo ye-ischemic kwaye inqanda i-NLRP3 i-inflammasome activation ngokuthintela i-Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission kunye ne-endoplasmic reticulum stress. Frontiers kwiMoleky Neuroscience, 11, 86. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2018.00086
Miller, VJ, Villamena, FA, & Volek, JS (2018). I-ketosis yesondlo kunye ne-mitohormesis: iimpembelelo ezinokuthi zibekho kumsebenzi we-mitochondrial kunye nempilo yabantu. Ijenali yesondlo kunye nemetabolism, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5157645
Palmer, CD (2014). Amandla engqondo. I-Academic Press. https://brainenergy.com/
Qu, C., Keijer, J., Adjobo-Hermans, MJ, van de Wal, M., Schirris, T., van Karnebeek, C., … & Koopman, WJ (2021). Ukutya kwe-ketogenic njengesicwangciso sokungenelela kwonyango kwisifo se-mitochondrial. Ijenali yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeBiochemistry & Cell Biology, 138, 106050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106050
Swerdlow, NS, & Wilkins, HM (2020). I-Mitophagy kunye nengqondo. Iphephabhuku lamazwe ngamazwe ngee-molecular science, 21(24), 9661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249661
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